Gondor - Roman empire, Byzantium
Numenor - Atlantis, Phoenecians, Greeks
Umbar - Carthage
Near Harad - Egypt, North Africa
Far Harad - Equatorial Africa
Mordor - Turkey
Khand - Syria, Huns, Mongols
Near Rhun - Persia
Far Rhun - India, China
Bay of Belfalas - Mediterranean
Forodwaith - Siberia
Forochel - Finland
Shire - England, Scotland, Wales
Arnor - Roman empire, Gaul, Belgium
Minhiriath - Spain, Portugal
Rhudaur - Germany
White Mountains - Alps
Rohirrim - Germanic cultures, Anglo-Saxons
Dunlendings - Celts, Gauls
Hill-men - Austrogoths, Visigoths, Vandals
Northmen, Bardings - Russians
Rhovanians - Germanic cultures, Bohemians, Polish, Slavs, Hungarians, Lithuanians
Gray Mountains (south) - Atlas Mountains
Sea of Rhun - Black Sea
Sea of Nurnen - Red Sea
Anduin - Danube
Greyflood - Rhine
Brandywine - Thames
Osgiliath - Constantinople
Ered Luin - Norway
Luneland - Sweden